-
1 βιάζω
βιάζω (Hom.+) nearly always as a mid. dep. βιάζομαι; aor. mid. ἐβιασάμην, pass. 2 sg. ἐβιάσθης Sir 31:21. Apart fr. Dg. 7:4; 10:15 most of this entry concerns probabilities relating to β. in Mt 11:12 and par. Lk 16:16. The principal semantic problem is whether β. is used negatively (‘in malam partem’) or positively (‘in bonam partem’), a problem compounded by the question of the function of these vss. in their literary context. In Gk. lit. β. is most often used in the unfavorable sense of attack or forcible constraint (s. L-S-J-M).① to inflict violence on, dominate, constrain w. acc. (Herodas 2, 71; Menand., Dyscolus 253 [opp. πείθειν use of persuasion]; 371; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 35 §139; PAmh 35, 17 [213 B.C.] βιασάμενος αὐτούς; PGiss 19, 13; LGötzeler, Quaestiones in Appiani et Polybii dicendi genus 1890, 63; Esth 7:8 [rape]; En 103:14; 104:3) mistreat the poor people β. τοὺς ὑποδεεστέρους Dg 10:5.—With β. taken as pass., Mt 11:12 ἡ βασιλεία τ. οὐρανῶν βιάζεται is frequently understood in the unfavorable sense the reign/kingdom of heaven is violently treated, is oppressed (so the pass. e.g. Thu. 1, 77, 4; POxy 294, 16 [22 A.D.]; Sir 31:21. On the topic of violence to the divine, cp. Paus. 2, 1, 5 τὰ θεῖα βιάσασθαι=(it is difficult for a mere human) to coerce things in the realm of the divine.—GSchrenk, TW I 608ff; NRSV ‘has suffered violence’; its mng., w. β. understood as mid.: ‘has been coming violently’, s. 2 end); var. ways by which the violence is suffered have been suggested—(a) through hindrances raised against it (βιάζομαι=be hindered, be obstructed: cp. the use of the mid. in this sense: Synes., Provid. 1, 1, 89c of the evil man’s power, which strives εἴ πῃ τὸν θεῖον νόμον βιάσαιτο=[to see] whether it could perhaps ‘hinder’ the divine law; Jos., Ant. 1, 261). For the pass. in this sense, s. the versions: It., Vulg., Syr. Sin. and Cur. S. also Dalman, Worte 113–16; MDibelius, Joh. d. T. 1911, 26ff: hostile spirits.—(b) through the efforts of unauthorized pers. to compel its coming (s. HScholander, ZNW 13, 1912, 172–75)—(c) through attempts to occupy (an area) by force (a territory, Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 24 §91).② to gain an objective by force, use force, intr. (X., Mem. 3, 9, 10; Diod S 4, 12, 5 οἱ βιαζόμενοι=the ones who use force, the intruders; Plut., Mor. 203c; Epict. 4, 8, 40; Lucian, Necyom. 20, Hermot. 22; SIG 1042, 8 [Dssm., NB 85f (BS 258)]; 888, 24; 1243, 4f; PTebt 6, 31; PFlor 382, 54; Dt 22:25, 28; Philo, Mos. 1, 215; Jos., Bell. 3, 493; 518) of compulsion οὐ βιαζόμενος without using force (opp. πείθειν) Dg 7:4.—Of forcing one’s way (Demosth. 55, 17; Appian, Hann. 24 §106) w. εἴς τι enter forcibly into someth. (Thu. 1, 63, 1; 7, 69, 4; Polyb. 1, 74, 5; Plut., Otho 1072 [12, 10]; Philo, Mos. 1, 108 of a gnat forcing its way into bodily orifices εἰς τἀντὸς βιάζεται; Jos., Bell. 3, 423) ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ εὐαγγελίζεται καὶ πᾶς εἰς αὐτὴν βιάζεται the reign of God is being proclaimed and everyone takes (or tries to take [cp. Polemo Soph. B 11 Reader, s. p. 266f]) it by force Lk 16:16 (hyperbolic usage; on the question whether this is a perspective attributed to Jesus or to his opposition concerning moral miscalculation, s. FDanker, JBL 77, ’58, 234–36).— Makes its way w. triumphant force is preferred for Mt 11:12 by FBaur; TZahn; AHarnack, SBBerlAk 1907, 947–57; WBrandt, ZNW 11, 1910, 247f; ROtto, Reich Gottes u. Menschensohn ’34, 84–88; cp. NRSV mg. ‘has been coming violently’.—EGraesser, D. Problem der Parusieverzögerung, ZNW Beih. 22, ’57, 180ff; OBetz, Jesu heiliger Krieg, NovT 2, ’57, 116–37.③ go after someth. w. enthusiasm, seek fervently, try hard, the sense is sought w. burning zeal is preferred by HHoltzmann; FDibelius, StKr 86, 1913, 285–88; et al. for Mt 11:12. A variation of this interpretation is the sense try hard, but the support sought in Epict. 4, 7, 20f is questionable, for this latter pass. rather refers to attempts at forced entry when one is not welcome.④ constrain (warmly) if βιάζεται Lk 16:16 is to be understood as a passive, as POxy 294, 16 (22 A.D.), or in the same sense as the mid. in Gen 33:11; Judg 13:15, the sense would be invite urgently of the ‘genteel constraint imposed on a reluctant guest’ (so vHoffmann et al.; s. FDibelius [s. 3 above]; cp. the sense of Lk 14:23 ἀνάγκασον εἰσελθεῖν ‘compel them to come in’).—On usage at Qumran s. BThiering, NovT 21, ’79, 293–97.—DELG s.v. βία. M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv. -
2 προβάλλω
Aπροβάλεσκον Od. 5.331
: Hom. has only [tense] aor. [voice] Act. and [voice] Med. without augm.:— throw or lay before, throw to, Νότος Βορέῃ προβάλεσκε [σχεδίην] φέρεσθαι l.c.;τοὺς μαζοὺς κυσὶ προέβαλε Hdt.9.112
;τρωγάλια τοῖς θεωμένοις Ar.Pl. 798
;πυροὺς ὀλίγους π. Id.Av. 626
;π. τινὰ ταῖς Νύμφαις Pl.Phdr. 241e
; ἀνδρὶ δέμας, of a woman, E.Cret.6: without dat.,π. ἀκήδευτα τὰ σώματα Plu.Per.28
.II put forward,π. πρόβλημα Pl.Sph. 261a
; ἄμφω τὰ δεξιὰ προβεβληκώς, of a horse, Arist.Po. 1460b19 (also [voice] Med., );χλαμύδα ἀλώπεκι Paus.4.18.6
;π. αὐτὸν ἐς τὸ μέσον Luc.Cat.25
: metaph.,ἀγαθὴν ἐλπίδα π. σαυτῷ Men.572
:—[voice] Pass., v. infr. B.111.1.b in obstetrics, present, [voice] Act. and [voice] Pass., Hp.Mul.1.69, Sor.2.60, al.2 ἔριδα προβαλόντες putting forth strife, i.e. striving, Il.11.529.3 put forward as an argument or plea, ; ;τοὔνομα τὸ τῆς εἰρήνης D.9.8
:—[voice] Pass., ;ἐς ἐνθυμίαν αἰεὶ προβαλλόμενος Id.5.16
.4 [voice] Med., put forward, propose for an office,λῃτουργεῖν π. γυμνασίαρχον And.1.132
:—[voice] Pass., v. infr. B.1.4.5 propound a question, task, problem, riddle (cf. πρόβλημα IV), Ar.Nu. 757, Pl.R. 536d; αἴνιγμα, γρῖφον, Id.Chrm. 162b, Antiph.74.5;χαλεπὴν π. ᾱἵρεσιν Pl. Sph. 245b
;εὔσκεπτον σκέψιν π. Id.Phlb. 65d
; ὰπορίαν Arist.Pol. 1283b35: later folld. by interrog. clause,πρόβαλε σαυτῷ τί ἂν ἐποίησεν ἐν τούτῳ Σωκράτης Epict.Ench.33.12
;θεοῦ προβαλόντος πότερον.. Aristid.1.41
J.:—[voice] Pass., προβάλλεται τάδε θεωρῆσαι, περὶ τοῦ κώνου προβεβλημένα ἐστὶ τάδε, Archim.Con.Sph.Praef., Spir.Praef.6 put forth beyond,κάρα.. ὀχημάτων S.El. 740
;τῶν ὀδόντων τὴν γλῶσσαν Aret.SA1.7
;φλέγμα καὶ ἀφρῶδες ἐκ τοῦ στόματος Philum.Ven.1.2
.III expose, give up, π. σφέας αὐτοὺς ὑπὸ τοῦ κακοῦ give themselves up for lost, Hdt.7.141; ;ψυχὴν π. ἐν κύβοισι δαίμονος
hazard, venture,E.
Rh. 183.IV send forth, emit, τράγου ὀσμήν v.l. (for προς- ) in Dsc.4.50;τὴν φωνὴν ὀξεῖαν π. D.S.3.8
;ἦχον τραχύν Id.5.30
, etc.; produce,καρπόν J.AJ 4.8.19
;ἄνθος Aët.12.1
:—[voice] Pass., c. gen., to be emitted from,αἱ τῶν θεῶν δυνάμεις προβεβλημέναι τῶν πρώτων Procl.in Prm.p.552S.
V intr., stick out, of the tongue, Arist.PA 660a24.B [voice] Med. with [tense] pf. [voice] Pass. (used also in pass. sense, v. infr.):— throw or toss before one,οὐλοχύτας προβάλοντο Il.1.458
, al.: hence, throw away, expose, S.Ph. 1017.4 put forward, propose for election, Hdt.1.98, Pl.Lg. 755c sq., X.An.6.1.25, IG22.1343.29, etc.;προβαλλόμενος ἑαυτόν D. 21.15
:—[voice] Pass., Hdt. l.c., Pl.l.c., etc.;προβληθεὶς πυλάγορος οὗτος D. 18.149
, cf.285.5 c. dat. et inf., challenge a person to..,π. μοι [ὀμόσαι] Mitteis Chr.32i14, cf. ii 13(ii B.C.):—[voice] Pass., of the oath, to be proposed as a challenge, ib.ii 25, Sammelb. 5231.9 (i A.D.).II throw beyond, beat in throwing: hence, surpass, excel, c. gen. pers. et dat. rei,ἐγὼ δέ κε σεῖο νοήματί γε προβαλοίμην Il.19.218
.III hold before oneself so as to protect,λαιᾷ ἴτυν Tyrt.15.3
;Πηλεΐδᾳ κατ' ὄμμα πέλταν E.Rh. 370
(lyr.); ; π. τὰ ὅπλα level arms, opp. μεταβάλλεσθαι (cf.προβολή 1
),τὴν φάλαγγα ἐκέλευσε προβαλέσθαι τὰ ὅπλα καὶ ἐπιχωρῆσαι X.An.1.2.17
, cf. 6.5.16, Mem.3.8.4: in [tense] pf. [voice] Pass., σάρισαν προβεβλημένος having his pike advanced, with levelled pike, D.S.17.100;τοὺς θυρεοὺς πρὸ τῶν νώτων.. -βεβλημένοι Arr.Tact.36.1
;εἰκοσάπηχύν τινα προβεβλ. κοντόν Luc.DMort.27.4
; also προβεβλημένοι τοὺς θωρακοφόρους having them to cover one in front, X.Cyr. 6.3.24; π. τάφρον, ποταμόν, of a general, Plb.1.18.3, 2.5.5;π. τῆς.. στρατοπεδείας τεῖχος Id.1.48.10
, etc.;πόλις -βεβλημένη ποταμόν Str. 11.2.17
; π. τὰ θηρία πρὸ τῶν κεράτων, λογχοφόρους τῆς δυνάμεως, Plb.3.72.9, 3.113.6: abs., stand in front, πρὸ ἀμφοῖν προβεβλημένος standing so as to cover both, X.An.4.2.21, cf. Cyr.2.3.10: c. gen.,τούτου προβέβληται Πολύευκτος D.21.139
;προβάλλεσθαι ἢ ἐναντίον βλέπειν οὔτ' οἶδεν οὔτ' ἐθέλει Id.4.40
; προαίρεσις τῆς πολιτείας προβεβλημένη a guarded policy, Id.19.27; πρὸς ἅπαντας -βεβλημένος on one's guard against, Plu. Dio 9:—[voice] Pass.,ἱππῆς προβέβληνται πρὸ τοῦ δεξιοῦ κέρως Arr.Tact.36.2
; κράνη πρὸ τῆς κεφαλῆς π. ib.34.3.2 metaph., put forward,τὴν ἀγαθὴν προβαλλόμενος ἐλπίδα D.18.97
; ταύτην τὴν συμμαχίαν ib.195; τὴν Εὔβοιαν προβαλέσθαι πρὸ τῆς Ἀττικῆς ib.301, cf. 300, Isoc.5.122;τι πρὸ τῆς αἰσχύνης Aeschin.3.11
.b bring forward, cite on one's own part, in defence,τὸν Ὅμηρον π. Pl.La. 201b
;π. μάρτυρας Is.7.3
, etc.; ὁ προβαλόμενος one who has brought evidence, Lex ap.D.46.10; cite as an example, ; use as an excuse or pretext, Th.2.87, etc.; ; π. σκῆψιν, πρόφασιν, Plb.5.56.7, 15.20.3.IV in [dialect] Att. law, accuse a person by προβολή (v. προβολή v), present him as guilty of the offence, (cf. Harp. s.v. προβαλλομένους) ; π. τινά τι ib.28; τινα alone, ib. 175; ὁ προβαλλόμενος the prosecutor in a προβολή, ib. 179:—[voice] Pass., to be accused or presented,προὐβλήθησαν X.HG1.7.35
: generally, attack, censure,τὸ ἔθος D.H.4.24
, cf. Ph.2.137;τοὺς ψευδομένους J.BJ2.8.7
(s. v.l.), cf. Plu.CG14; opp. [full] ἐπαινεῖν, Id.2.18d.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > προβάλλω
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